At Blois Day organized by the Association Psypropos held October 23, 2010 on the theme of Childhood (s) Monique CHASSAGNOL us reveals a Peter Pan character far removed revisited by Walt Disney.
To get acquainted with the original of this imaginary child who would not grow, I began first reading of the text by James M. Barrie, the creator of Peter Pan and history of his adventures.
This reading has inspired me a few quick thoughts that I have given the name:
Variations on the theme of Peter Pan.
The Story of Peter Pan is that of a scandal: the scandal of the death of the author James M. Barrie, met suddenly in his childhood, when his older brother David died the day before his 14 years of an accident skating. Barrie 6 years. Her mother locked up, prostrate in his room for months on end. To regain the lost maternal interest, try to alleviate the despair of his mother and his own guilt of not being liked, James begins to resemble his dead brother: "Adult retains a youthful look, a child's face and does not exceed the size of David when his harvesting1.
Because it destroyed forever in the physical dimension of the link body, the body heat and smell, voice, sound not singular, smile, and hope associated with it death is a tragedy, which seeks to be overcome transformation affects the people charged for missing not only continue to love those who remain alive but also rediscover the ability to love other beings again.
Mourning a loved one requires to be ability to take on the precariousness of life and life's precariousness of all things, not to hate that ephemeral existence, feeling betrayed by the passage of time and removed at the discretion of things happened that we want. Mourning's presence not to take refuge in a shell where others will now take up minimal space, reducing the bonds of attachment to that necessary to survive the loss rather than live and desire.
Restrict the vital need to help to survive. Nothing more, especially anything that is 'more'.
Oblivion is to the account of the vital. Memories are sometimes yawning chasms that must be protected to avoid getting lost in the maze of underground melancholy that Peter sees sparkle in his eyes blue forget-me of Captain Hook.
This world of impossible mourning, world arrest - death is the world of Peter Pan, the child teeth 'final' as much white beads that will never fall.
"His dreams were more painful than other boys. For hours he could not escape these nightmares where he moaned piteously, and, in my opinion, should be related to the mystery of his existence.2 "
But how wish to grow, to grow facing the impossible representation of the death of others and the prospect of nothingness of its own demise? In some situations too difficult, a child can not manage alone in the radical absence of any guardian angel, in the absence of the meeting of language that humanizes chaos it faces sharply. Family and chaos of death of David, in addition to the child James Barrie loss which is peculiar to the maternal interest. As a sanction to be alive in Barrie which develops an intense feeling of guilt for not having been capable to keep it. At the time of the tragedy, James 6 years, ie more or less identified the age of the resolution of the Oedipus complex, where children are open to other love objects as their subject of first love which is the mother.
The Country of the Imagination, where Peter finds refuge is not a world where there is humanized by a flood of words spoken by characters beneficial understanding and caring. Instead sadism is king. Nothing should change the established order. And especially not the rule in which strictly prohibits Peter lost boys grow. Compliance with the regulations is Peter himself who takes care of removing other formalities and without exception the boys who "seem" to have grown. The island of lost boys is the trap of the same, timeless, there are no secret passages to discover, rituals to overcome, no track on which to venture experience itself, and where one leaves the battle with the angel may be lame but mostly grew up and cleared of links to primary oedipal attachments. The tale is not.
This is not the fate that Barrie, the literary father has chosen for Peter Pan. Its role is not to help the living to deploy to a future time. Its role is to watch over the dead children to accompany them a little way when they die, so they do not fear. The existence of Peter is related to time off. Its passage through the living world, he leaves behind him only a few leaves. It is sometimes seen on the faces of some mothers, mothers who may have lost a child on the face and also women who have no children. Sad, dull eyes when suddenly the light of internal and external world is reflected more.
In the story of Barrie, the countries of the Imagination, a country of Nowhere, Never Never Land, is a travesty. Repeat it in the real losses and abandonments repetitive registered in advance where the finitude of the human condition dictates a law to live with each other immutable, static, motionless.
work writing Barrie is not a work of mourning which opens within the meaning of life. What would need to enroll the required symbolic dimension to exist, absent the strange play for this so-called young audiences, originally written for the stage, off stage without another scene. Imaginary closed, no symbolism, nothing remains the real inarticulate, invasive, as it embodied the more primal: the reality is unacceptable.
Learn by trial Aeschylus said, like Abraham, the ancestor common to all three monotheistic religions, learn also the sacrifice of his son seems to require that YHWH and voluntary servitude by which the patriarch of the Alliance is prepared to make.
Overcoming hardships, in the confrontation of loss and mourning, going to be any language in the process of symbolization. In his absence how to move toward you?
Peter Pan stands in avoiding the tragedy latent intrinsic to the human condition: "I heard my parents talk about what awaited me when I'm a man, Peter explained softly. (We felt very agitated now). I never want to become a man, he cried with véhémence3.
grow is to grow. Under what conditions? Able to maintain contact with others, and those around me that matter. We can not grow, ie, that we humanize the presence of other humans with whom we interact. It is learning with the help of our environment for new ways to enhance our autonomy, and at the same time, the necessary abandonment by the same people who helped us.
These conditions are absent from the adventures of Peter Pan. Looking at her two year old daughter picking flowers in the garden, Ms. Darling writes: "If you could always stay this way! . But Wendy is not Peter, the girls agreed to be convicted because they naturally turn condemn those who give them life, "henceforth Wendy knew that she would grow." What Peter, their captain, to specifically prohibit the lost boys.
with Peter Pan, Barrie does no stage presence delegated to receive the distress of the child who can not grow, and to restore processing. Semaphore turning fool in the vacuum of the four winds like the sails of a mill, lost chick fallen from the nest like a bird astray, who panicked banging the glass. Peter starts to question his tireless search for an interpreter to hook his mutilated and who continues her vengeance, which continues to crocodile devouring appetite hook an alarm clock in the belly, the other lost boys who do must not grow on pain of being eliminated, Wendy and Tinkerbell, the opposite sex persecutor, who can not hear neither one nor the other that way. Then he de / channel his fury on ersatz others _ not by the encounter with otherness each other but with people in series, his band of lost boys, the redskins, pirates, basically interchangeable in a closed world and insecure, which requires constantly to be on the alert, closed die symbols where aggression is law and no externality does to pacify.
violence and cruelty indifferent Peter Pan are those of a boy wounded helpless, abandoned and helpless. Distress paramount. Desperate battle against Thanatos. Doomed to failure without a process of transformation of the primary hate being in the world without a guide, so Saint Christophe leading to Eros and the instinct of life, these libidinal energies that carry into bonds of love possible when the separation anxieties received, contained, carried on shoulders and other processed subside.
On Island, the weather is threatening, dangerous inexorable tick tock, tick tock "sound a little sheet that was enough to choke, but became more distinct as it is rapprochait4.
"The experience of light in the development process of symbolization" is Cléopâtre Athanassiou the title gave her speech during the same day Psypropos Blois in this October 2010.
"Light," she said about the history of Iolenta, opera by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky whose brother Modeste wrote the libretto, which we will mention here is that which arises in the soul when one understands that we have not hitherto enjoyed, and that love that we discover its plunges rooted in loss and bereavement. It is through this suffering that is happening all symbolic transformation.
light of the three Dresses Donkey Skin, by Charles Perrault tale written in 1693.
The light that already takes place there under the ugly and dirty donkey skin. Dresses and light skin ass are linked with each other. Nothing exists without being already there, ready to spring into the open. The swan in the ugly duckling.
The source of light in a house are the windows first. And windows are essential as places of passage between the world and the world of Peter Darling, privileged thresholds between life and death that are going to risk crossing the children to get an answer to these questions usually concern a child: what is there after death, where do we go after death, critical questions that parents can illuminate a " true "great person to know.
At the end of the story, Peter takes Jane's daughter Wendy to Never Never Land to do the spring cleaning. Wendy in turn became wife and mother, look fly, "the last vision we have of it, writes Barrie, the watch at the window, watching the children away into the sky until they are not larger than étoiles5.
There is a flicker with Peter, one of the fairy Tinkerbell, no larger than the hand because its growth is not complete, always escorted by a halo of light and a silvery tinkle. But the magic ends there: the seductive Tinkerbell is a sweet fairy emerges from the slopes of meaning. It is a jealous little fairy that does not hesitate to lie to kill her rival. Moreover, her real name is Tinkerbell-the-Retamas. This means if "Clo" is beneficial and how much behind this character hate any female figure is revealed. Beware Bell! Beware of his charm, his smile, his hugs, gives the least of all your trust and treachery is at the end of the road. Other sex never like forever ... the attentive mothers' capacity for reverie, which classify the night thoughts of their lost ones, who support these wild thoughts and offer them a form allowing them to quietly find a place in time daily, one day look away, leaving stray thoughts invaded the whole space becomes threatening. Lost without their mothers, children, boys of course, are distraught, delivered to bizarre thoughts and persecutory invasive source of anguish to the height of the guilt felt, refugees on the island of the Abandoned.
After David's death, the grieving mother has turned the eyes of her surviving son, lost in his suffering, prostrate in his room, leaving the young Barrie really fall, as Peter Pan will be tempted to do with Michael during their high-flying journey to the Land of the Imaginary. ;
We know that the pediatrician-psychoanalyst Françoise Marette Dolto know a drama of the same order with the death of his elder sister in her twentieth year. In his grief his mother, who will remain several days without speaking to him, accuse him of failing to pray as she should have done to save his sister Jacqueline. Françoise guilty to 12 years, guilty of being alive, not to be dead instead of her sister. Paralyzing guilt she testifies and it will come out later by the work of a company with psychoanalysis Laforgue.
How to help a child recover from such a curse tongue and allow to foresee that the curse was may not be the truth? Stabat Mater.
"Never," said Dolto, I would become a psychoanalyst without upsetting the mourning for all the family economy (...) and if I had not known what pathological grief of my mother, the emotional suffering and distress of my père6 (...) ".
Melanie Klein formulate the concept of "depressive position" of the baby as a result of the severe depression she experienced the accidental death of a son.
"When the first of all baby laughed for the first time its laugh broke into a thousand pieces sautillèrent on all sides and became fées7 "said Peter to Wendy. Shipwreck of birth: fragments, dislocation, dispersion of the breath of life, critical crack, crystal shattered. Sacrifice of life which also exult in laughter: prohibition to enjoy life's pleasures, to experience happiness. Castration guilt and deadly. The shadow of death extends and covers the life of the monochromatic color of stereotypies. Mourning impossible in the absence of a "liaison work in a symbolic assimilation épars8 pieces." During performances
in 1904, Barrie will applaud the audience, driven by Peter who exhorted them to clap their hands, demonstrating their belief in fairies, Tinkerbell saving in this way and allowing the show to continue. Circus games somehow profane resumption of the Gospel scene where at the request of Pontius Pilate, the crowd gave Jesus of Nazareth's crucifixion.
But the great danger, the danger of all dangers from birth it is the parents themselves never ceases to tell Peter to establish its full power at the height of infant distress: mothers whose carefree boys fall from their cribs and then get lost, fathers of future accountants who weigh schilling life or death of their offspring, as others calibrate fruit or vegetables will live or die according to the bill! Infanticide parents who devour their children helpless as the crocodile lurking around the island to eat Captain Hook.
How in these conditions relate to build an ideal that can push you forward? In history, it is definitely impossible when must first save himself by mastering the situation and Peter Pan to abandon her parents. Rather flee immediately know that the intolerable suffering of imminent death hanging over all bonds. No turnaround is possible. No boy lost no one dares to talk about his mother in the presence of Peter, "the captain had banished from the conversation about what he said stupide9.
So he thinks he killed Wendy, The Guigne abused by Bell laments: "Yes," he said gravely, it was I who killed ais. When the ladies come to visit me in my dreams, I tell them: "Little mother, beautiful mom! . And when at last one of them falls for good, I'll kill her! 10 ". The ideal mother is not saved. Barrie losing his brother lost his mother. Peter Almighty who abandons his mother, object of displeasure from his birth, thereby causing irreparable pain, James Barrie won a triumph over death. This is the victory of the hatred he bore for that which has fiercely let fall.
As for the father figure is a shadow droll groaning on his plight: "So Mr Darling burst into tears and the truth came out. He was also happy to keep it, "he said, but could, in his opinion, ask consent, instead of treating it as a zero under his own toit11. Even Nana, the dog newfoundland very staid, Acting Nurse Darling children, has no admiration for him, besides Mr Darling knows it!
must say that to punish him for having committed Nana, on the evening when children are gone with Peter, Mr. Darling moved into the niche of the nanny dog telling his wife: "It is the my rightful place!
Death is often associated with shadows. The shadow is still without a remainder that terrifies.
How are worrying in the dark, the crooked shadows of trees in the forest for Snow White and Little Red Riding Hood.
At beginning of the story, Peter Pan has lost his shadow. He returns home in search of the Darling family. The narrative is not a beginning, a beginning, but immediately after.
Ms. Darling recalled the existence of Peter going back in her childhood, when she believed he did exist. She already knows when he lands again. She has already seen. It has already come. Today, reasonable and married, she wonders if it is real. But it can not lie long she knows the answer: it is asked to kiss the corner of the delicate lips of her own mother she never managed to take. The death of Barrie-Peter and their mother met her long ago. Ms. Darling knows all the warning signs that cause a scare in it soon. And Mr Darling, the father can do nothing against these signs, that she knows it too. In the face of death announced, the father has no authority, no power to protect her children. The image of the strong man does not face of death, she vanishes as soon as death occurs. It is finally more than shadow of himself, a loser by which anything can happen at any time.
Ms. Darling lights the night in the nursery, "the pilots are the eyes that the mother left behind for protect her children. " But for the author, pilots are no more reliable than other protective parenting and off quickly when they become tired. Then the windows open and the children go off.
"At Candlemas, writes Pascal Guignard, we had it blessed by the priest at Mass candles. It rekindles the candles each Once the storm raging over the place. These are the very ones we place at the bedside of the dying. It takes time help when the weather gets déchire12.
dimension of Good and Evil is absent from this narrative. The question of the way is indifferent to Barrie and the Darling family. As well as the question of morality. The dominant figures in the report of them is the swing between idealization and devaluation, in all situations.
course writing is lively, upbeat, cheerful in appearance. But what she says behind the mask theater is a different story, both singular and can be shared by all human beings, perhaps therein lies the immediate success of Peter Pan during periods of Christmas in England since the beginning of the play.
Barrie gave life to the feelings that assailed through the various protagonists he invents. It tells in pictures the existential turmoil that David's death has caused his family and the child being psychic construction that was him, James Barrie, at the time of the tragedy. His story testifies to the determination of these shocking events in chain the disappearance of a brother and eldest son, the reversal of maternal emotional attitude, the absence of a restoration soothing language. Carente and father, father probably disoriented. A disaster for James Barrie to 6 years in building bonds of attachment to parents first, then other people in adverse environmental conditions to establish trust and long-term stable relationships. Splitting the primary internal world still fragile, unbound to resist aggression from the outside world and the abandonment of beings who have for him in his becoming human. Abandoned, dropped, the feeling of persecution takes the upper hand in all aspects of daily life to which he must face alone. Internal chaos, undermining of trust in others, the ground disappearing, cracks underfoot, is cracking in the gaps that might at any moment to engulf.
Peter Pan is the tale of suffering: suffering constantly seeking redress of a child whose love of the mother was absent one day suddenly:
"When Margaret (Jane's daughter) grows up, she had a daughter, intended to be to turn Peter's mother, and things continue as well, as long as children are happy, innocent and cœur13.
1M.Chassagnol, N. Prince, I. Cani. Peter Pan, mythical figure. Editions Autrement. 2010 p.15
2 James M. Barrie. Peter Pan. Flammarion Librio Imaginary No. 591. 1982 p.101
3 Ibid.
p.25 4 Ibid.
p.48 5 Ibid. p.140
Dolto 6. Childhoods. Threshold 1986 p.66
7 James M. Barrie op.cit p.25
8 Jean Oury. Psychosis, institution, death. Hermann Publishers 2008 p.17
9 James M. Barrie. Op.cit p.45
10 Ibid. p.51
11 Ibid. p.131
12 Pascal Guignard. The boat silently. Editions du Seuil 2009 Chapter XLIII p.129
13 James Barrie. Op.cit p.140
0 comments:
Post a Comment