At the entrance to the main aisle dating back to the administration building, asylum Fleury-les-Aubrais near Orleans , stood on the left two large buildings rather austere bearing the names of Bourneville and Seguin. These buildings had allowed the Centre for Development of children whose youngest were sometimes less than 5 years. Their little future in the sun, it must be said, was going well "for life" marry the layout of aisles of the hospital, flag flag until an assisting wrong, their bodies buried in the cemetery of Insane in the park, north edge of the forest.
Since then the buildings have been converted in the 1990s in the Visitor Centre for the Elderly (CAPA).
Bourneville and Seguin: Behind these names, to press the anonymous crowd of kids with shaved heads, abandoned to the dark night of idiocy and backwardness, held in the emotional misery who seized with the evil from birth, often without access to language, subject day and night to harsh treatment and law enforcement community, all gathered in one exclusion in the human world, freedom of movement, running, jumping, playing, loving and being loved.
Recall that in our history the child beggar come a long way:
In the 1630s, Vincent de Paul is alerted terrible conditions in which children "abandoned" are supported. It establishes regulations for the care and placement of these children and sets strict guidelines for the recruitment of nurses. His work will be recognized and formalized in 1670 with the establishment of the Foundling Hospital.
Abandonment, which was held at the door of a church, a business in the "tour" of the hospitals, would perhaps, a more structured system ever so slightly, the child and raised to adulthood. There
the eighteenth and nineteenth century 5 000 to 6 000 cases of children assisted by a year in Paris.
The "tour" is a recess in the wall that lets in the anonymity of file infants. I remember that in the small school that I attended, rue de Clichy in Paris, the Dominican nun, who was in the box under the porch, was also called in the 1960 Sister "doorkeeper."
A century earlier, around 1860, the Foundling its name to Hospice of the children assisted. The school is open not only children found abandoned a few days in transit _ to the Hospice before being placed in the country, but also children in temporary storage. Gradually, external consultations are implemented and the institution begins to receive sick people from outside.
The nineteenth century will bring for both large children's lot of hard labor of any kind: industrial work, working in mining or agricultural work, harassing work anyway, and the attendant drop in numbers, poverty and improperly combined delinquency, sentencing to prisons of children abused by adult society and so on. ... In general since the late Middle Ages, the plight of children identified offenders near that of the adult prisoners to which they are mixed. Some were sent to penal colonies responsible for their agricultural rehabilitation.
Edouard Seguin resumed the work of Dr. Itard who collected in the 1830s, Victor, the wild boy of Aveyron. Seguin is noted for its methods of psychomotor rehabilitation and counseling. He was appointed to children labeled idiots of Hospice Bicêtre before emigrating to the United States. His ideas are the source of teaching practice of Maria Montessori. But they already earned him the opprobrium of his fellow doctors ...
, neurologist will in turn continue to the hospital of Bicetre Seguin's work with the special area for children and idiots epileptic hospital of Bicetre in which he was appointed director. He will also lead the Valley Foundation. The idiot "who n'ad'existence by which dissects the speech, or the look that pushes the" humanized with Bourneville. The idiocy, which extends the knowledge ceases to be a catch-all. Large and progressive politician, Bourneville advocates for organizational transformation of the asylum for the isolation of the idiot and getting all those whose situation does not justify the internment asylum. But he also will face the powerful brakes normality property for thinking that these degenerates of all sorts were a "no absolute social value."
I read (somewhere) that Professor Mises, renowned child psychiatrist, was very moved to see by reading the biography of Bourneville he had taken over the same fight one hundred years later!
Regarding the field of childhood, 3 public actors are involved: Justice, Health, Education, about crime, their common denominator. Their relative importance depends on the political orientation of the moment: Justice through the qualifying offenders to identify troubled children and violence has largely dominated the period before the Popular Front in 1927 with the establishment of borstal .
should still not forget the importance of education marked by the Jules Ferry laws in 1881/82 which established the school secular compulsory and free.
However the terms used in legislation of the early century are eloquent on the moral and social development at the time focused on children in difficulty: the law of 28 June 1904 on the education of the pupils' difficult and vicious of Public Assistance, Act of April 15, 1909, relating to public education of "handicapped children". The notion of "Delinquency and child perverts" dominates the reports that the company has with the children in need, children in severe pain. For them, the more often only answer to their "perversion": surveillance and repression, surveillance and punishment, often cruel, as in the prisons of children whose young prisoners revolted sometimes. And Belle Isle during the summer of 1934.
same time during those same years, an awareness that there is a special danger develops under the impetus of some judges. On March 13, 1911, the prison administration left the Department of the Interior to be attached to the Ministry of Justice. Education about the arrest, it will become an executive self-oriented rather than punitive, but educational in 1945: to ensure the care of juvenile offenders and protection of those whose future seems compromised because of educational deficits and resulting risks to their education or their physical health.
Especially in the early twentieth century Vienna, Austria, Sigmund Freud devotes one of 5 Conferences, the fourth lesson on psychoanalysis (1909) to the infantile situation. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality were published for 4 years and the famous case of Little Hans, an analysis of a phobia, is published in the same 1909.
In this movement, still in Vienna, Austria, August Aichhorn, teacher came to psychoanalysis, working with deprived children, abandoned and delinquent it hosts in homes which he is the director and whose work and life daily practice is a psycho. Then he moved to the firm in 1923 and family counseling practice involving parents and children. Freud sign his principal work Youth abandonment. Aichhorn is a pioneer and innovator way ahead of the joint field office with psychoanalysis.
In the field of curative care, Freud will have two direct continuation of Melanie Klein and her own daughter Anna Freud. They have both contributed, and Freud pointed out in a footnote on page added in 1935 in his autobiography, to give the child psychoanalysis "a particularly strong growth."
Melanie Klein and Anna Freud helped with many others to improve the understanding of psychic phenomena, based on events that are the basis for the existence of every human being: life in the womb, the birth of the psyche sustained porting function and performing Maternal emotional body of the baby, structuring relationships with others through access to language, access to otherness and thus the process of humanization shared place of emergence of the singular human being like no other.
is in this context that the first service of Neuropsychiatry Infant-Juvenile (NPIJ) is founded in Paris in 1925 from the service of George Heuyer receiving precisely adolescent offenders. In 1914, Heuyer submitted his medical thesis on "abnormal children and juvenile delinquents." Within its service NPIJ, it now welcomes children restless, anxious, nervous, and mentally retarded offenders who are with the large field of handicapped children. The creation of child neuropsychiatry is a very important step in the organization of child psychiatry in that it will place the child in social and psychological suffering under the responsibility of health professionals about its future.
child psychiatry in the 1930s is marked by the continuing predominance of issues related to crime, which reflects the concept that is found in court records as well as medical : Perversion jerk. This is more of a social etiquette that one should clinically Ernest Dupré (1862-1921), holder of the chair of mental pathology in the Faculty of Medicine of Paris, associating his name for posterity to the notion of instinctive perverts. For Dupre, the constitution is devoid of perverse morality of birth. It is constitutionally, by nature, carried on drinking, gambling, sex. Liar, the child is incapable of any evil feeling, any emotion, and of course feels no guilt for his cruelty and devious. Dupre forged the image of a child whose any adult would have to be wary as always able to disguise the truth, on the basis of a physiological imbalance or constitution. Heuyer based on designs Dupre to define abnormal children he likens to delinquent children. This diagnosis
"birth" halo bias of medical discourse, makes it easy to stigmatize socially conveniently locate and remove the name of the general risk of infection to children "normal" well-born birth , so. It also social categorization as any political advantage to be fluidity and therefore extensible to other people that one wishes to separate from mainstream society on the grounds of their supposed dangerousness.
In a very interesting article, "Psychiatry thirties she can reveal the child? Jean-Claude Coffin reminds us of the link established in the late nineteenth century between epilepsy and crime "to make the assumption of an organic origin of criminal behavior. The association between juvenile and child has epilepsy and has thus built in the decades following, anchoring the perverse character of the young and young under judicial supervision in a neurological determinism. "
Despite this anchoring of delinquency genetic, hereditary, another design gradually gained ground during the interwar period: the child previously qualified for mentally retarded, or idiotic, could be achieved by pathology that does not fall within the disability, but a profoundly disturbed mental state. The origin of this stance amounts to medical Emil Kraeplin that at the very beginning of the twentieth century, had asked the existence of a state insane as distinct from mental retardation and which he called "dementia praecox". This posture is fundamental in that it helps to have a different look deficient children, who are considered capable of evolution and not trapped in static image and determined that accompanies the handicapped. Recognition of the other capacity development is the basis for the process of humanization shared already mentioned and as a corollary of the struggle against the notion of incurable mental. Obviously this new representation of mental illness has a direct impact on critical therapies for adult patients.
The NPIJ George Heuyer will be attached in 1930 to the Assistance Publique de Paris. Heuyer George, whose head is called clinical Jacques Lacan, is not himself a psychoanalyst. But it will bring psychoanalysis into the care of children, especially with the assistance of Sophie Morgenstern, analyzed by Freud and came to Vienna in 1924 in France, which develops the importance of children's drawings as a central modality of treatment. Sophie Morgenstern will Dolto, pediatrician, on the path of psychoanalysis.
Under the Popular Front, with Education Minister Jean Zay will take over the priority concerns in connection with Justice. Earlier in 1925, Henri Wallon supports his thesis of doctor of medicine devoted to the "stages of motor development and disorders and brain of the child" to be published later under the title "unruly child". Meanwhile, it provides a working class district of Paris medico-psychological consultation in the clinic and creates quite a place for innovative research and teaching as a Boulogne-Billancourt school for kids "having intellectual or characterological disorders. It also sets up a consultation with career guidance for children in need of working people.
In 1936, participating with the Walloon Minister Jean Zay, the introduction of new classes, practicing active methods and continuous observation of schoolchildren. In this regard, the precursor is already famous: Celestin Freinet implements in Vence from 1934 to 1935 a free school experiment. Children are mostly internal and belong to socially disadvantaged or families in need. "A majority of the son of Paris workers, social cases from Social Welfare, the son of teachers mostly come here for health reasons, and here and there four or five children from wealthy families arriving here confidently "(Elise Freinet, 1968). Freinet class is a class with co-operative workshops, a place where life runs the floor and the children like it there because they realize all the projects that are common to the future. That is its junction with the movement that will unfold in adult psychiatry in the 1950s: psychotherapy institutional. This junction will create the institutional pedagogy. Fernand Oury, teacher and brother of Jean Oury, who founded the clinic in La Borde, contacts Celestin Freinet in 1949. With others, it will translate to the school of cities by the middle of the great urban centers grow, the Freinet school campaigns.
the Liberation, Henri Wallon, professor at College de France, deposit into the office of the National Assembly a draft education reform which will never discussed but for which certain proposals will emerge gradually from 1946. In particular, it will propose the creation a body of school psychologists who, he said, must "come to the rescue of the child" or to help the child to "prove".
Meanwhile we are in 1940, with the Germans entered Paris.
Sophie Morgenstern suicide. Dolto continue its practice of drawing, the preferred means of coming into contact with the child: "One picture is enough for the children relate," she said. Designers invited to listen to it as the word of the child. Dolto eventually develop public consultations at the Hospital Trousseau. Further consultations will follow in other hospitals.
Myriam David who lost his mother at the age of 7 years, was deported to Auschwitz, where she survived the Nazi enterprise of dehumanization. Its discovery in 1950 of the seriousness and importance of the massive shortcomings of babies put to the depots of the Public Assistance of Paris and who die most often without recourse to their plight makes him take the path of the study, care and research on psychopathology in children: the "state of suffering of these children, their isolation, ignorance of this suffering by all professionals working with children is the second reason behind my desire to work in this area. For this was a disaster I had to live, that of horror and misery of this terrible experience of dehumanization ... "she said during the speech she delivered for 20 years in 1995 Care Unit of the Rothschild Foundation in the thirteenth arrondissement of Paris.
Bruno Bettelheim also the tragic experience of the concentration camp. He knows how an environment hostile to the extreme despair can radically a human being folds back onto itself, entrusts himself to his fate against which it can draw from him the strength to fight. He died in a state of radical abandonment. Bettelheim notes similarities between the fold fatal for some children and the decline of the so-called "Muslims" in the camps. It reaffirms its full and working with children suffering the relevant idea that if the hostile environment can kill, a supportive environment, reassuring, benevolent can save. Environment for its part, Winnicott develop the concept of good enough mother, just good enough, that is neither too much nor too little.
Rene Spitz, a psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, means by the term "hospitalist" extremely serious consequences for the infant of a deprivation of the relationship to the mother who goes anaclitic depression to a state with multiple disabilities without language, without standing and without acquisition of walking. The ultimate evolution of the Hospital is called the "doldrums" infantile extreme situation in which even survival can be achieved.
Tragedy concentration gives the dimension of the contact, an existential dimension vital, basic, indispensable to the survival of physical and mental the little man. In other words, the social environment, family, co-presence of other human beings endowed with language play a major role to be taken into account around the child at birth.
The baby is a person, famous expression Dolto. A human being, ie, a being of words, a speaking being (Lacan).
It is not only the contact with the biological mother is important. If the mother is absent, sick, busy or away, sometimes in prison, and the infant is separated from her, his need for emotional contact him remains indispensable to survive this separation. He must find in his immediate environment and everyday life, a substitute for the maternal role. That's what Dolto, a pediatrician and psychoanalyst, will introduce the staff of pediatric services in the 1950s by the desperate death very important for toddlers: "Take them in your arms every day, talk with them, put words on their facial expressions, grimacing, tears, smiles and death will no longer be the only way out of their despair. " Be for them "the good enough mother" of Winnicott, not the mother in the biological sense but the person wearing the maternal arms and surrounding the person is there under the circumstances to take the maternal role and takes care of the little human rights, neither too much nor too little, enough.
It was around this fundamental principle of contact, the maternal role and function of host that will gradually organize the care of children with mental health problems from critics and institutional analysis phenomena asylums. Institutional psychotherapy is not only a psychiatric adults. As fond of saying Tosquelles Francis, psychiatry is an art generally. Psychosis through all stages of life. And under the care, understood as the field of institutional, is to take into account also in the organization of the care for children.
During the war years, in 1943 Kanner and Asperger's after one year will describe children with severe and early in the development of their relationship to others related to inappropriate responses to situations encountered in everyday life. Their work will highlight the autistic syndrome, linked to the United States to childhood schizophrenia and infantile psychoses in France to a more general term, say so early.
A new spirit guide the clinic and the organization it needs: prevention. Whether the health of children, monitoring of delinquent children or family dysfunction, we affirm the primacy of prevention over punishment. It is within this context that will be taken orders in 1945 including the provision of educational activities in open (in reference to secure facilities). Professional bodies are created: nursery (August 13, 1947), social workers (including the degree of state in 1938 and an Act of April 8, 1946 will require mandatory to practice)
George Heuyer continues work begun in 1925. He was appointed Clinical Professor of Child Psychiatry in 1948, first at Children's Hospital, then at the Salpetriere. In his service in the 1950s, Serge Lebovici uses psychodrama clinical modality to allow a mental operation failed to find or create figurations, where the game stops working psychic. Psychoanalysis is, in fact, anything that promotes the game representations (such as drawing, a sort of equivalent to the dream).
theory pervert's constitutional falls into oblivion, contradicted by clinical research and the positive development of children identified as such with the new modalities of care. The crisis contains all possible. The diagnosis is often caused by errors in despair and the child and his entourage are reconsidered in the light of the change by a psychoeducational approach. The question of the meaning of the violent act for him who is raised and acts with it that of a symbolic law that allows people to live with each other and respecting the differences of each of the singular. In a very sensitive and simple, the film Les Choristes whose history Children of the "Fond de l'Etang" is happening in 1948 is very explicit constitutional deadlock of these conceptions and repression "action-reaction" as the only response to abuse of residents and especially the most violent of them in the role of the famous perverse constitutional runaway and inflammatory.
Fernand Deligny teacher whose teaching method is based on the Freinet said: "Everything was happening (in this property) as if the evil is a myth that psychiatric skin shell rather, would be made this particular fabric waterproof and expandable secret that any discussion of definitions and whose internal pressure (...) would be supplied by all sub-distillates pat generously atmospheres concentration camp. "
In 1948, Fernand Deligny involved with Henri Wallon and demand thereof, at the Laboratory of Psychobiology of the child in Paris. Here qu'auront place the same year the meetings of creating Great Cordée EOE free treatment for adolescents. Indeed through the hostels, creates Deligny Great Strung: associative network hosting offenders delinquents and temperamental, chaired by Henri Wallon and controlled by Louis Le Guillant (medico-psychological development of children). Deligny said: "I was strongly supported by Henri Wallon, professor at the College de France, by Louis Le Guillant, who led the Services for Children deficient in the Department of Health, and many others. At the other end, there was Prof. Heuyer and other patrons who appreciated that their services are free of these young people it was very difficult to decide whether they were offenders, temperamental, insane. It lasted a few years. "
Julian Ajuraguerra set up at Ste-Anne - Henri Rousselle a team of multidisciplinary research in psychology and child psychopathology. With G. Soubiran, it is the source of the first service of psychomotor rehabilitation Henri Rousselle. In 1958, Ajuraguerra created with S. Lebovici and Rene Diatkine The journal Child Psychiatry. Then in 1970, has published its Handbook of Child Psychiatry, reissued in 1978 and remaining as a landmark treaty.
Ajuraguerra subscribed to the notion of "holding" of Winnicott, which he calls the "maintenance" concept that refers to a number of attitudes and behaviors mother / child during the early exchanges. In fact, the problem is more complex because there is a first phase, the confusion of not knowing how. "Maintenance" is a world in which space and time of the mother should take shape by trial and error.
"... You said Ajuraguerra, give weight (without opposition) on the one hand the potential that the child brings to his birth, on the other that the outside world will bring this child immature in both a quantitative and qualitative, so that ce qui est possible s’accomplisse et que ce qui est probable se réalise aux divers moments de la maturation, dans le cadre de l’organisation fonctionnelle évolutive. »
En 1958, avec Philippe Paumelle et René Diatkine, Serge Lebovici crée l'Association de santé mentale du XIIIe arrondissement de Paris, qui va imposer la formation d'équipes médico-sociales «de secteur», fortement marquées de psychanalyse. C'est ainsi que commence l’histoire du centre Alfred Binet, centre important de soins, d'évaluation et d'enseignement en psychiatrie de l'enfant en référence à la psychanalyse.
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